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Algeria: Toxic colonisation

Al Jazeera · 2026-07-22

AI SUMMARY

• What happened: A new documentary titled "Toxic Colonisation" reveals the French army's illegal use of chemical weapons during Algeria's war of independence, supported by archival evidence and testimonies from former soldiers and Algerian fighters. • Why it matters: The film highlights significant violations of international law, specifically the 1925 Geneva Protocol, and raises ethical questions about the conduct of the French military, as well as the lasting impact of colonialism on affected populations. • What to watch next: The release of the documentary is expected to spark further discussions on historical injustices, accountability, and the implications of chemical warfare in modern conflicts, as Algeria continues to confront its colonial past.

**Title: Algeria: Toxic Colonisation Revealed in New Documentary**

A recent documentary has shed light on the French army's clandestine use of chemical weapons during Algeria's war of independence, raising significant concerns regarding violations of international law. The film, titled "Toxic Colonisation," presents a combination of archival evidence and personal testimonies from both former French soldiers and Algerian fighters, illustrating the extent of the French military's actions during this tumultuous period.

The documentary highlights the illegal deployment of chemical weapons by the French army, specifically referencing the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which prohibits the use of chemical and biological weapons in warfare. Historian Christophe Lafaye contributes to the film with critical evidence, including a letter from a senior army commander dated 1956. In this correspondence, the commander alludes to the "use of chemical means," indicating a premeditated strategy to employ such weapons against Algerian combatants.

In December 1956, the French military established a Special Weapons Unit that utilized CN2D gas, a chemical agent also used during World War I. This unit was tasked with targeting Algerian fighters who were often entrenched in mountainous regions. Although estimates suggest that there were between 8,000 and 10,000 incidents involving chemical weapons, only 440 attacks have been officially documented to date.

One of the most catastrophic incidents occurred in March 1959 at Ghar Ben Shatouh, where approximately 150 civilians lost their lives due to a chemical attack. This incident exemplifies the devastating impact of such warfare on non-combatants and raises ethical questions about the conduct of the French military during the conflict.

Despite the scale of these actions, France did not formally prohibit the use of chemical weapons until 1993, more than three decades after Algeria gained independence. This delay has led to ongoing debates regarding accountability and the legacy of colonialism in Algeria.

The documentary serves as a crucial reminder of the darker aspects of colonial history and the lasting effects of such actions on affected populations. As Algeria continues to grapple with its past, the revelations presented in "Toxic Colonisation" may contribute to a broader discourse on historical injustices and the need for reconciliation.

The film's release has sparked discussions not only about the historical context of the Algerian war but also about the implications of chemical warfare in modern conflicts. As nations reflect on their military practices and adherence to international law, the lessons learned from Algeria's experience remain relevant today.

"Toxic Colonisation" is now available for viewing, inviting audiences to engage with this important chapter in history and consider the ongoing ramifications of colonialism and warfare.

Source: Al Jazeera
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