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What is white phosphorus, and why is Israel using it in Lebanon?

Al Jazeera · 2026-09-29

AI SUMMARY

• What happened: Israel has reportedly used white phosphorus in military operations in southern Lebanon, raising concerns about its impact on civilians and farmland. • Why it matters: The use of white phosphorus is controversial due to its potential to cause severe burns and long-term environmental damage, and its deployment in populated areas is restricted under international law. • What to watch next: The international community is monitoring the situation closely, focusing on the implications for civilian safety and compliance with humanitarian law as the conflict in Lebanon evolves.

**Title: Understanding White Phosphorus and Its Use in Lebanon by Israel**

White phosphorus is a chemical substance known for its incendiary properties and its ability to cause severe burns. It ignites upon exposure to oxygen, producing intense heat and toxic smoke, which can have devastating effects on both human health and the environment. Recently, reports have emerged regarding Israel's use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon, raising concerns about its impact on civilians and farmland.

White phosphorus is primarily used in military applications, often as a smoke screen to obscure troop movements or to illuminate areas during nighttime operations. However, its use is controversial due to the severe injuries it can inflict. When white phosphorus comes into contact with skin, it can cause deep burns that may require extensive medical treatment. The substance can also reignite, posing ongoing risks to those exposed.

In the context of the ongoing conflict in Lebanon, Israel's military has reportedly employed white phosphorus in various operations. This has raised alarms among human rights organizations and international observers, who emphasize that the use of such munitions in populated areas is restricted under international law. Specifically, the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) aims to limit the use of weapons that can cause excessive injury or have indiscriminate effects on civilians.

The impact of white phosphorus extends beyond immediate physical harm. The toxic smoke produced can lead to respiratory issues for those exposed, and the environmental consequences can be long-lasting. Farmland may be rendered unusable, affecting local agriculture and food security. The use of white phosphorus in conflict zones can also lead to psychological trauma among affected populations, compounding the humanitarian crisis.

As the situation in Lebanon continues to evolve, the international community is closely monitoring the use of white phosphorus and its implications for civilian safety and compliance with international humanitarian law. The debate surrounding its use highlights the broader challenges of conducting military operations in densely populated areas, where the risk to civilian lives and infrastructure is significantly heightened.

In summary, while white phosphorus serves specific military purposes, its use in populated regions raises critical ethical and legal questions. As Israel continues its operations in Lebanon, the implications of using such substances will remain a focal point for humanitarian advocates and international law experts alike.

Source: Al Jazeera
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