The German parliament has passed sweeping legislation granting the country’s intelligence agencies unprecedented powers to conduct sabotage, secretly enter homes, and expand surveillance. The controversial law has prompted comparisons with the Gestapo and Stasi, the notorious secret police organizations of Nazi Germany and Communist East Germany.
The legislation, championed by Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s governing coalition, was approved on Friday by 300 votes to 190, with 71 abstentions. Only the ruling CDU/CSU bloc and Social Democrats backed the reform. The right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) and The Left opposed it, while the Greens abstained.
Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt hailed the overhaul as a “reform of the century,” declaring a “new era” for German intelligence agencies that would put them on an “equal footing with our European partners.”
He defended the measures by citing alleged threats from espionage, sabotage, cyberattacks and other hostile activities aimed at destabilizing Germany.
The legislation fundamentally changes the role of Germany’s two principal intelligence agencies: the foreign intelligence service (BND) and the domestic Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV).
Previously focused primarily on gathering and analyzing intelligence, both agencies would gain powers to actively intervene against perceived threats.
The BND would be authorized to penetrate foreign computer networks, disable servers used by suspected hackers and delete data. Its new powers could extend to sabotaging foreign chemical laboratories and drone production facilities or disrupting supply chains by introducing defective components into shipments linked to potential threats.
The domestic intelligence agency would gain extensive surveillance and intervention powers, including covert access to smartphones and computers, interception of encrypted communications and examination of stored data.
BfV operatives could also secretly enter private homes to install surveillance software or neutralize suspected weapons.
The agency would additionally be able to obtain information from payment providers, online platforms, and vehicle manufacturers, while deploying AI-assisted facial recognition and biometric searches to identify potential suspects.
Oversight of the expanded powers would be consolidated under the Independent Oversight Council, a 12-member body established in 2021 and appointed by the Bundestag’s Parliamentary Oversight Panel.
Previously focused largely on the legality of BND surveillance, the council would gain authority to approve intervention operations by both agencies, including proactive sabotage abroad.
It would also be required to report to parliamentary overseers at least annually and publish public reports excluding classified information.
The overhaul has triggered fierce criticism from opposition lawmakers, who warn that it threatens constitutional protections and dismantles safeguards established after the fall of Nazi Germany.
AfD lawmaker Christian Wirth condemned the reform as an “attack on the rule of law with truly totalitarian characteristics.”
He particularly criticized provisions allowing the BfV to exclude regional intelligence offices from information-sharing networks, warning that they could be used against politically “undesirable” state authorities.
In September, fellow AfD lawmaker Gottfried Curio accused Merz’s government of preparing to systematically violate fundamental rights, invoking Germany’s history under the Gestapo and East Germany’s Stasi.
“Manipulating, sabotaging, deceiving – with these subversive measures, the [BfV] is being transformed into Stasi 2.0,” he warned.
The criticism has extended beyond the AfD.
Green lawmaker Konstantin von Notz supported strengthening the BND but accused the government of lacking “any sensitivity to civil rights” in its domestic intelligence overhaul. He warned that the legislation could face “serious problems” before Germany’s Constitutional Court.
The Left’s Clara Buenger went further, accusing Dobrindt of undermining democracy through nationwide AI-powered mass surveillance and laying the groundwork for a “new German secret police.”
At the heart of the controversy is Germany’s longstanding separation principle, designed to prevent intelligence agencies from acquiring police powers.
The safeguard traces its origins to the Allied powers’ 1949 ‘Police Letter,’ which sought to prevent the re-emergence of an organization resembling the Gestapo. The distinction between intelligence gathering and law enforcement was subsequently incorporated into legislation governing Germany’s security services.
Critics argue that allowing intelligence operatives to secretly enter homes, interfere with property and conduct sabotage erodes that historical barrier.
Dobrindt has dismissed accusations that the reform threatens democracy as “madness.”
The intelligence overhaul comes as Berlin accelerates its military buildup, with Merz’s government repeatedly invoking an alleged Russian threat to justify increased defense spending and expanded security capabilities.
German officials have increasingly warned of a possible military confrontation with Moscow, while accusing Russia of conducting espionage, sabotage, and other hostile operations across Europe.
Last month, BND chief Martin Jaeger warned that Germany could become “embroiled in a violent conflict with Russia,” accusing Moscow of waging a “shadow war” against Berlin.
Defense Minister Boris Pistorius and senior-most military commander General Christian Freuding have likewise warned that Russia could attack NATO before the end of the decade.
Moscow has repeatedly rejected claims that it intends to attack NATO members, dismissing such speculation as “nonsense” and “political schizophrenia.” Russian officials have instead accused Berlin of pursuing further escalation.
The controversy also has a domestic political dimension.
Merz has described the AfD as “Russia-backed” without publicly substantiating the allegation, while his Social Democratic coalition partners have pushed for a ban on the opposition party.
The AfD, which advocates stricter immigration controls and opposes German military assistance to Ukraine and sanctions against Russia, has become a major target of political scrutiny.
Defending the intelligence overhaul on Friday, Chancellor’s Office official Nina Warken argued that Germany faces daily threats from foreign powers that “disguise sabotage as an accident, espionage as business dealings, and propaganda as an opinion.”
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